political organisation of the acholi

development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital At its peak in 2005 over "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Kin Groups and Descent. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". Even in this . With the coming of the ivory University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. The Population Geography of Acholi District. M.A. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. majority peasant population. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. London: James Currey. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. Due to its central location and the close The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. This has continued in various guises ever since. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. population. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. The Acholi region and language 51. Arts. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. . Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. Certain rwodi and After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. 1679-1914." Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. Orientation Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. thesis, University of Nairobi. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Anywa Adhola Religious Practitioners. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Social Organization. Political Organization. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. With colonial rule 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. p. 41). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". (1936). The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. Conflict. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. T(h)uri Kumam That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Location. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. It does not store any personal data. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Webster, J. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. comparably flat. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Under Ugandan Pres. Congo. When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. According to the Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. When conflict did Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern As some of these languages show some form The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. the northern regions, this relationship changed. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html.

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